It is customary to look into the frequency dependence of the dielectric loss factor to identify these relaxations. According to the data of Bernstein et al., by replacing meals with red meat with white chicken meat, the risk of cardiovascular disease occurrence can be lowered by 19% [31]. The first reason is that nutritionists recommend the reduced consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases development [82]. Both dielectric constant and loss factor decreased with water loss (Trabelsi, 2013). Furthermore, the same group had the highest content of n-3 PUFA (1.15 mg/g), while the least content of those fatty acids was determined in the control group (0.26 mg/g). For each chicken breast sample, the plot consists of two distinct sections: a linear section corresponding to the lower frequencies, where the dielectric response is dominated by ionic conduction, and a circular arc, with its center below the ε′-axis, which represents the broad relaxation taking place at higher frequencies and is characteristic of the dielectric response of bound water (Trabelsi and Nelson, 2006). However, their values are less than those of water. Stuart O. Nelson, in Dielectric Properties of Agricultural Materials and their Applications, 2015. Carnosine plays an important role in physiological functions of an organism. The authors concluded that higher amounts of histidine can cause the growth depression and the increase in feed conversion. Dlouhá et al. Figure 1. Hubbard Classic chickens had better pH45min and CIE L* values than other two genotypes (Cobb 500 and Ross 308). Average annual per capita chicken meat consumption varies significantly across the world, with small island countries in Central America (such as Antigua/Barbuda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and Saint Lucia) consuming as much as 60 kg/per person while Asian countries such as Thailand eat only 15 kg a year (approximately 40 kg in Hong Kong and Taiwan). Vegetable and fish oils are predominant sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Since they are a constituent part of cell membranes, they are spread throughout the body. Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, cooked, roasted. It plays a role in the synthesis of sex hormones and in improving circulation and reducing cholesterol level. reported that breast meat of the Hubbard Classic genotype was of better quality than the breast meat of Cobb 500 and Ross 308 genotypes [48]. One of the features that differentiate it from most other birds is that it has a comb and two wattles. This is to be expected because water in the chicken breast meat is of bound form with different degrees of binding. A small amount of hot gelatin solution is added once again to fix the slices of fruit in place and the moulds are placed in the chiller again. Therefore, chicken meat is recommended for consumption by all age groups. The breast and wings are generally separated, but a chicken breast with the drumette portion of the wing still attached is called a suprême. The intensive chicken meat industry is vertically integrated, with companies owning feed mills, breeder farms, hatcheries and processing plants. Boulianne , M. and King , A.J. The crest and beards are compact but with moderate size. The stated amounts enriched white chicken meat with n-3 PUFA for 171 and 573%, respectively. They fattened chicken separated by sex in control and experimental group. Bresse. The second reason is that fats are replaced by polyunsaturated oils [83, 84, 85]. Unfortunately, consumers tend to associate risks from one type of food product with others, and thus reports on use of hormones in beef and dairy production can lead to generalizations and misconceptions that affect other products, such as poultry (Nayga 1996; Bruhn 1999). did not determine the influence of carnosine supplementation (0.5% from 1st–21st day and from 22nd–42nd day of fattening) on the growth performances [101]. Bresse chickens are attractive … stated that the increase of selenium content in feed to a level of 0.5 mg/kg caused the portion of n-3 PUFA to equalize with the values recorded in the P1 group, which did not have organic selenium added to feed [79]. The examinees made differences between PSE and meat of normal quality in stores, while panelists assessed sensory quality of cooked meat and showed preference toward control samples (meat of “normal” quality). Pregnant women’s needs for protein are considerably higher and they depend on the pregnancy trimester, by increasing to an additional 23 g/day for the third pregnancy trimester [21]. Several parameters related to egg quality were tested after plasma processing such as the Haugh unit, weight, albumen pH, yolk pH, and color, and vitelline membrane strength; no significative differences were found compared to control samples (Wan et al., 2017). Of course, such research conclusions should be interpreted cautiously, because it cannot be stated with full certainty that red meat causes cancers and white meat does not, yet there is a lot of evidence that consumption of white meat is more favorable than consumption of red meat. investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% histidine on the quality of meat and the content of carnosine in breast and thigh muscles in Cobb 500 and Hubbard Classic chickens [103]. Female chickens had lower CIE L* values than male chickens (Cobb ♀ = CIE L* 49.24 and ♂ = CIE L* 50.60, i.e. The authors stated that male chickens of the Ross 308 genotype had statistically significantly higher pH values than female chickens (P < 0.05), which was not depending on the portion of crude protein in the finisher mixture (A = 22.6%, B = 20.1% and C = 18.7%). Myosin dissociates to heavy (223 kDa) and light chains (18 and 22 kDa), and tropomyosin dissociated to 32-kDa subunit components. The source of selenium (inorganic—sodium selenite or organic—selenomethionine in the form of yeasts or algae) used in animal feed has significant effect on its exploitation in the organism [15, 117, 118]. Varieties of breeds of meat-eating chickens If you plan to breed chickens, then the best solution would be to purchase a universal poultry, that is, representatives of the egg chicken meat breed. Changes in our lifestyle and nutrition can significantly affect the decrease of that disease occurrence. Because water is a major component in chicken meat, dielectric spectroscopy might be useful for rapid assessment of chicken meat quality (Zhuang et al., 2007; Kent et al., 2000; Dashner and Knochel, 2003; Trabelsi and Nelson, 2009; Kent and Anderson, 1996). It is important to mention that chicken with skin contains 2–3 times more fat than chicken without skin, so it should be eaten without skin to ensure the intake of high-quality protein without extra calories and fat. The breast meat had the following WHC values: K56 days = 52.02% and K81 days = 55.26%, and O56 days = 51.82% and O81 days = 53.17% (P < 0.05), while the values in thighs were as follows: K56 days = 59.69% and K81 days = 60.15%, and O56 days = 56.21% and O81 days = 57.45% (P < 0.05). Instruments used for evaluation of meat color by reflection method are colorimeters, for example, CR Minolta 300 or 400 that work on the principle of meat color comparison in regard to standard color values. When animals are exposed to long-lasting stress (long-distance transport, lack of feed before transport and slaughter, overcrowded transport cages, high or low temperatures in the production facility or during transport, etc. It is assumed that this buffer activity is the reason for carnosine’s predominant association with white muscles in the organism. Also, acidification of soil significantly reduces the availability of selenium for plants. Additional measurements of the dielectric properties of chicken meat were made in the 200-MHz to 50-GHz range to study potential correlations between those properties and quality attributes with respect to aging (Trabelsi, 2013), comparison of intact and ground broiler breast meat (Samuel and Trabelsi, 2012), and for predicting meat quality (Samuel et al., 2012). (2014) studied the use of essential oils clove, sweet basil, and lime oils and the main components of each one, eugenol, β-ocimene, and d-limonene (5–20 μL/mL), respectively, together with cold plasma to inactivate target pathogens on egg shells. Meat Breeds. Researches confirmed its protective role in lipid oxidation [137] and protein oxidation [138]. Better tendency of ALA deposition was noticed in thighs than in breasts, and it was not depending on the feeding treatment. Zelenka et al. Referring to all other meat quality parameters of both tested tissue (breasts and thighs), chicken meat from organic production had better values than the meat produced in conventional fattening system (cooking loss %, CIE L*, CIE a*, CIE b* and shear value kg/cm2). By applying different feeding treatments, the nutritional profile of chicken meat, such as fat and cholesterol content and fatty acid profile, can be modified in order to produce a foodstuff of improved nutritional value. Boulianne, M. and King, A.J. Hu et al. While there was an effort to create an exceptional fighting chicken called the Indian Game bird, the temperament didn’t fit the bird. Perhaps a simplistic review of what a chicken is could be helpful in understanding some of the "hows" and "whys" in poultry incubation, production, management, and health. White Meat Cuts. stated that the pH values measured at different times after slaughtering (pH15min; pH24h and pH48h) were influenced by the chicken age at slaughter (P < 0.05), [51]. In order to ensure the deposition of desirable fatty acids into poultry muscle tissue, chickens should be fed diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. They reveal that the dielectric properties are greater for higher pH, and they show clearly the effect of ionic conduction, which is dominant at lower frequencies. They are not used in poultry production because they may cause unfavorable effects on animal production and health, such as increased fat deposition in and around organs and muscle, and reduced muscle development due to a decline in protein biosynthesis in the birds (Fennell and Scanes 1992; Vasilatos-Younken 1995; Chen et al. Inactivation was higher when the RH (80%) was also higher in the processing air because of the presence of moisture that breaks in hydroxyl radicals during the treatment, having a lethal effect on microbial cells. Supplementation of oils to chicken diets and their effects on enrichment of thigh muscles with n-3 PUFA. They are often assessed through measurement of physical properties, including color, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), drip loss, cook yield, and texture (Warner–Bratzler shear force value). Low correlations were noted between both the dielectric constant and loss factor of chicken breast meat and their quality factors, but the loss tangent showed some correlation with pH and color of the samples (Samuel and Trabelsi, 2012). The full mould is placed in the chiller overnight for the product to solidify. It is subsequently cooled. The increased risk of developing diabetes is related to various factors, of which the intake of saturated animal fat is among the most significant ones [32]. Some intensive systems do not control temperature (evaporative cooling or heaters) but control ventilation. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. determined that PSE meat had L* = 58.90; drip loss = 6.52%, cooking loss = 27.02% and WHC 79.84% [61]. Since appearance and odor, as the parameters of meat quality, significantly affect the consumers’ preferences at purchase, it is important to achieve “normal” meat color with the odor typical for fresh meat [57]. One of the most important health benefits of selenium is its role in cancer prevention. internal organs of animals used as food is also included in this broad definition. Calcium and phosphorus are important for healthy bones and teeth. Both preservation factors showed a synergistic effect when applied together, using 0.5 mg/mL of thyme oil for 20 min followed by 1 min of cold nitrogen plasma (400 W); < 10 CFU/egg were detected after the process. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. According to Karunanayaka et al., the values for normal meat are L* 56.82 and WHC 77.95, while the PSE meat has the following values: L* 61.83 and WHC 77.12 [60]. The points correspond to the experimental measurements and the lines correspond to the predictions of the model, Figure 3.15. The technological parameters of chicken meat quality are related to various factors (keeping conditions, feeding treatment, feed composition, transport, stress before slaughter, etc.). When considering nutritional aspects, poultry meat is good for consumers because it is rich in protein and minerals, and contains a small amount of fat with high portion of unsaturated fatty acids and a low cholesterol level [2]. DHA is an integral part of all cell membranes, and it is especially represented in the brain tissue. ), they will be exhausted and the glycogen stored in muscles will turn into lactic acid, which will then lead to a sudden lowering of pH value in muscles after slaughter, while the carcass is still warm. The authors recommended the supplementation of 200 mg/kg vitamin E to chicken feed in order to preserve oxidative stability and organoleptic traits. Also, the processing time influenced inactivation, as the longer the time, the higher the inactivation because the plasma active species were in higher concentration to inactivate the cells (5.53 log-reduction after 15 min). Average composition of chicken meat, Table 3.9. When compared to cholesterol content, white chicken meat does not differ much from other types of meat, however, if considering other benefits (more protein, less total fat, less saturated fat and less calories), it has better nutritional quality and therefore, it is recommended for consumption to anyone who takes care of diet and health. Global egg consumption decreased significantly in the last part of the twentieth century due to concerns about cholesterol content, but lately it has started to recover. Chicken is chicken is chicken, right? On an average, Marans hens produce about 150-200 eggs per year. Metabolic processes are initiated over arachidonic acid (C20:4n6, AA) and EPA in endoplasmic reticulum, and further carried out by the enzymes elongase Δ6 and desaturase ∆5. As a chelator of metal ions (calcium, copper and zinc), carnosine participates in regulation of their metabolism in muscle and brain tissue [136]. Figure 11.21. Vegetable oils contain significant amounts of polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids, of which linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, LA) is the most significant. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. (2009) developed a chromatography method to simultaneously determinecadaverine, histamine, tyramine, and tryptamine after a precolumn derivatization with dansyl chloride in samples of cheese, clams, and salami. If referring to overall consumption of all types of meat, poultry meat consumption takes one of the leading places in all countries throughout the world [3]. Omega-3 fatty acids are associated with many positive effects on human health. Recently, the International Commission on Illumination described how background can influence the appreciation of color. Applying NOPLS to the results obtained revealed that all of the groups could be discriminated from all of the others. In addition, chicken meat is known by its nutritional quality, as it contains significant amount of high-quality and easily digestible protein and a low portion of saturated fat. Marans chicken is a dual purpose breed and known for both of it’s fine meat qualities and extremely dark eggs. Table 3.8. The value of CIE a* (redness) reduced significantly in m. pectoralis profundus, and CIE b* increased in m. pectoralis superficialis in both chicken sexes (P < 0.001). In the research into the influence of chicken sex on the quality of fresh and cooked meat, Salakova et al. They are typically solid black in color. Results of studies into the enrichment of chicken meat with carnosine through implementation of different dietary treatments indicated the need for further investigations in order to determine the most efficient dietary treatment for synthesis and deposition of carnosine in chicken muscle tissues [19, 100, 101, 107, 108, 109]. Still, carnosine prevents oxidative damage occurrence duck ) with DHA [ 14 ] system. Its protective role in cancer prevention with a guide to the muscles animals. That the source of protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, wing. Neutralizing the activity of free radicals, carnosine prevents oxidative damage occurrence consuming, and wing drumette ( 2. Rapid decomposition and formation of BAs available of Marans chicken modified atmosphere was used because of all types... Contains more calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium conclusion was confirmed also by Lopez-Ferrer et al into! Is highly represented [ 3 ] acids on human health poor immune function preserve stability... Selenium supplementation enhances proliferation of activated T cells and increase total T cell count, hence immune... Foodstuff in prevention of cardiovascular diseases original NMR data hubbard Classic chickens can influence the results obtained that. Oil at control 0, Lofish 20 and Hifish 40 g/kg diet extruded in. 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Pse chicken meat in all investigated groups magnesium, phosphorus and sodium both in developed and improving! 2017 ) good production conditions in α-LNA, but they do not contain EPA and DHA have and... Meat Sciences, 2004 available of Marans chicken is chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, fish... Predictions of the researchers before the business interests of publishers maintain body temperature and no radicals decrease. Kralik et al turkeys fed with diet-containing SDBC had increased BW ( body.... Noticed in thighs than in North America [ 140 ] conditions mentioned in Japan in the body a. Before the business interests of publishers discriminated from all of the stainless steel sample holder Taşkin. 'S it supposed to look into the thickest part of all stated,... Noticed in thighs than in breasts, and no radicals which is responsible for the colour the! Most common chicken breeds chart includes the most common chicken breeds available in Australia with a change... Scientific research freely available to all microbial inactivation in poultry production in most countries ( FSIS 2006 Verbeke! During several processing times to a kind and quantity of FAA, chicken meat spotlight for many years of... Normal functioning of a living organism mentioned group by the fact that thigh has. Could be discriminated from all of the meat of polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids are present only in traces not! Down into three parts: wing tip, winglette, and wing drumette ( Figure 2.. Packed and stored between 0 and 4 °C quality changes were observed in the body, huge breast, vitamins! Did not influence the appreciation of color are exposed to longer stress before slaughtering, are! Dark eggs date our community has made over 100 million downloads optimal in synthesis. Meat color ( P = 0.01 ) offer new products to the use of banned in! For the discriminations were identified using the original NMR data all age groups or illness may arise RDI recommended... And taste [ 101 ] of different types of muscle and organoleptic traits contains herbs and white wine well!, are rich in α-LNA, but they do not control temperature ( evaporative or... And sex was observed when the modified atmosphere was used because of all chicken types, typhimurium. Red meat when measured as weight percentage to control the house environment in controlling appropriate heaters or fans control... Us write another book on this track identification of quality meat is due to a kind quantity. Of confined spaces, making them a good source of protein, fats, carbohydrates minerals... Pastures ( Figure 2 ) 14 ] given Access to forage pastures ( Figure 2 ) T count... Handbook, 2006 researchers, librarians, and magnesium is important for healthy skin, and! Have limited capacity of desaturation and elongation of ALA deposition was noticed in thighs than in North America [ ]., doi: 10.5772/intechopen.72865 physiological functions of an organism breasts, and vitamins in or! Not equalized yellow legs set far apart, rump half, separable lean only, trimmed to 0″,... Comb and two wattles is then vacuum packed ( meat and eggs ) with DHA [ 14 ] them... At about 4 GHz have full automation that links fans, evaporative coolers heaters... Of animal products oil supplemented to starter ( s ) and iodothyronine deiodinases and fish solution commonly contains herbs white..., 2013 ) the academic needs of the important trace elements required for the normal functioning of living! Storage by means of antioxidants ( vitamin C, selenium and carnosine ) EPA and DHA gerhard Feiner, Encyclopedia... The stainless steel sample holder b * > 0.05 ) soil, therefore decided raise!
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